SYARIKAT PENGELUARAN UBAT DAN PERNIAGAAN MEREKA.

The Medical-Pharmaceutical Industrial Complex
Corruption in Drug Research – Corruption in Medicine – Dangers of Modern Medicine: Iatrogenic DiseasesA definitive review and close reading of medical peer-review journals, and government health statistics shows that American medicine frequently causes more harm than good. The number of people having in-hospital, adverse drug reactions (ADR) to prescribed medicine is 2.2 million.1 Dr. Richard Besser, of the CDC, in 1995, said the number of unnecessary antibiotics prescribed annually for viral infections was 20 million. Dr. Besser, in 2003, now refers to tens of millions of unnecessary antibiotics.  The number of unnecessary medical and surgical procedures performed annually is 7.5 million.3 The number of people exposed to unnecessary hospitalization annually is 8.9 million.4  The total number of iatrogenic deaths shown in the following table is 783,936. It is evident that the American medical system is the leading cause of death and injury in the United States. The 2001 heart disease annual death rate is 699,697; the annual cancer death rate, 553,251.5. As few as 5 percent and only up to 20 percent of iatrogenic acts are ever reported.16,24,25,33,34 This implies that if medical errors were completely and accurately reported, we would have a much higher annual iatrogenic death rate than 783,936. Dr. Leape, in 1994, said his figure of 180,000 medical mistakes annually was equivalent to three jumbo-jet crashes every two days.16 Our report shows that six jumbo jets are falling out of the sky each and every day. Gary Null PhD, Carolyn Dean MD ND, Martin Feldman MD, Debora Rasio MD, Dorothy Smith PhD more

APAKAH YANG DOKTOR TIDAK BERITAHU ANDA.

 SILA BACA DENGAN KEFAHAMAN , BUKAN KEEGOAN.

The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It
by Marcia Angell  M.D, Former New England Journal of Medicine

A political tidal wave is building which will forever change both the industry and many of its infamous business practices. It is sad to note that the drug industry today is equally poorly regarded as the tobacco companies, and this is a testament not only to the shortsighted foolishness of their management, but also to the fact that you can fool some of the customer some of the time, but not all of them all the time.

Medical Journal Changes Policy of Finding Independent Doctors to Write – June 2002: The New England Journal of Medicine will announce that it has given up finding truly independent doctors to write and review articles and editorials for it, as a result of the financial ties physicians have with so many drug companies in the United States The Journal says the drug companies’ reach is just too deep. In 2000, the drug industry sponsored more than 314,000 events for physicians — everything from luncheons to getaway weekends — at a cost of almost $2 billion. On top of that, many doctors accept speaking and consulting fees that link them to drug companies.  Now, the Journal will allow these critical evaluations to be written by people with financial ties to drug companies.

What Doctors Don’t Tell You : The Truth About the Dangers of Modern Medicine by Lynne McTaggart Americans have become so accustomed to following doctors’ orders that many prescriptions, medical tests, and surgical procedures are accepted without question. This blind faith can be dangerous! Modern medicine offers us a wide range of powerful treatments for ailments large and small. But did you know that some common “cures” come with serious, life-threatening risks, or may do nothing at all? This groundbreaking book, written by an investigative journalist, exposes questionable, harmful, often life-threatening medical practices which all consumers should be aware of, including treatments for asthma and arthritis, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and heart surgery.

How the Pharmaceutical Industry GETS Profit

Please take note.

 This only for your knowledge.  Decicion Making are up to you.

It is estimated that in America last year, nearly $2 trillion was spent on health care — and virtually all that money was spent on treating disease.1 Despite this massive expenditure on treatment, more Americans are sicker than ever before with diseases that are largely preventable: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, fibromyalgia, and depression, to name a few. Each year more money is spent on treatment, mere patchwork, even though it has become crystal-clear that treatments do NOT enable you to live a longer, better life. So why is the amount of money being spent on prevention just a pittance compared with the amount spent on treatment? The answer is simple — when you are sick it is highly profitable to various giant corporations. When you are well, it doesn’t profit them much at all.  watch Dr. Mercola’s Video

Drug Trials: Nobody checks, nobody knows
What really goes on in medical trials? Are the results really as they seem, and is the drug that is being tested as effective – and safe – as the manufacturer claims? In truth, we have no way of knowing, because nobody is testing the testers. It should be the function of drug regulators, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the USA’s drugs watchdog. But a recent survey discovered that the FDA has inspected just 1 per cent of medical trials that were carried out between the years 2000 and 2005. There’s no registry of clinical trials, and the FDA is too under-resourced to carry out any further checking. Arthur Caplan, chairman of the department of medical ethics at the University of Pennsylvania, commented: “In many ways, rats and mice get greater protection as research subjects than do humans.” (Source: New York Times, 1 October 2007) 

Gary Null’s new DVD, Prescription For Disaster, is a must-see in-depth investigation and expose of the conventional health care syste — and that’s putting it lightly. It describes in detail the failure of the traditional paradigm and provides us with shocking statistics on the thousands and thousands of deaths that resulted from unnecessary or incorrect medical treatments. The main principles governing the pharmaceutical “business with disease.” It is not in the financial interests of the pharmaceutical industry to prevent common diseases – the maintenance and expansion of diseases is a precondition for the financial growth of this industry.

A report by the General Accounting Office in the United States revealed that 51.5 per cent of all drugs introduced between 1976 and 1985 had to be relabelled because of serious adverse reactions found after the marketing of these drugs. These included heart, liver and kidney failure, foetal toxicity and birth defects, severe blood disorders, respiratory arrest, seizures and blindness. The changes to the labelling either restricted a drug’s use or added major warnings. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1.5 million Americans were hospitalised in 1978 as a consequence of taking drugs and some 30 per cent of all hospitalised people are further damaged by their treatments. Every year, an estimated 140,000 Americans are killed because of drug taking (21) and one in seven hospital beds is taken up by patients suffering from adverse drug reactions. The Pharmaceutical Drug Racket

Tell Your Congressmen and Women to Co Sponsor the Health Freedom Protection Act, H.R. 2117 – The FDA is on a rampage against dietary supplements. Preventing reasonable and factual health claims, the FDA is using its immense power to fuel the pharmaceutical profit picture at the expense of the lives and health of hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. The rights of Americans to learn about natural products through truthful, science-based health claims is routinly stifled to the detriment of health and health freedom in the United States.

KETUA POLITIK MALAYSIA YANG KELAKAR.

INTERESTING ‘CABINET’ CONVERSATION, WITH SLANG AND ALL…(reflects on contemporary iissues).

Pak Lah: This is the last meeting we are going to have before I make my decision on who our candidates are. First of all, I would like to thank Keng Yaik and Affendi for voluntarily backing out. You are truly gentlemen. Anyone else wants to back out? Think of the party, not of yourself.

Najib: I think Samy should back out la.

Samy: Apa pasai? Why you think I should back out? Why not you?

Najib: You are a liability to MIC and BN la Samy, accept it la.

Samy: What do you mean liability? Give me proof?

Hisham: Ayo Samy, our intelligence report say, we will lose almost 100% of Indian votes if you still lead MIC. If you get lost, maybe we can bring it down to 60%.

Samy: Pakla, don’t listen to this two young punks la. Let me read this report just sent to me. After extensive intelligence gathering, we find that 20% of the Indians hated Samy Velu. Ha, only 20% la, where got 100%?

Nazri: Hey Samy I also got the same report la. Why don’t you continue?

Samy: Okay, I’ll continue, 40% cannot stand to see his face and 35% will kill him if they were to meet him. 5% believe that he is a good leader. Ha, I still got 5% what?

Pak Lah: Come on la Samy, you’ve been around for a long time already; you have made your money. You are even richer than me, so back out la. Think of the party la Samy.

Samy: Yes, I am richer than you but Najib, 2 deals only is already richer than me, why not ask him also to go? His submarine and Sukhoi and Altantunya also make him a liability what.

Pak Lah: I know that one, but he is from UMNO, that is the difference. The Malays will accept corrupt Malay leaders, as long as they potong, its okay.

Samy: Oh, kalu chunik potong kalu, berapa banyak rasuah pun takpa ka? Mana adil ini macam Pakla?

Najib: That is the way it is in this country Samy. We all from UMNO got immunity, you people, tadak potong punya, don’t.

Samy: No, saya akan tetap bertanding.

Kayveas: Adei Samy, listen to them da, what they say is true la. Don’t talk about justice all lah, as if you are concerned about justice. This is not the place to be talking about justice la old man. We want to win. If that means you will be dropped then so be it.

Samy: Dei Kayveas, you just shut up la. You budak lagi la, you apa tau? What you want to be champions of the Indians ka? If I am forced to back out, I make sure you go down with me. Hey, Mahathir also cannot force me out la.

Kayveas: Tengok Pakla, tadak guna punya Hindu. Think of himself only. Just shoot him la Pakla, don’t give chance. Najib, itu C4 lagi ada ka? Mari kita sekarang taroh itu C4 sama dia. Cilaka punya orang.

Keng Yaik: Samy ah, enough la. So long already you in the cabinet. You want to stay until you die ka? What you think they will bury you in the Makam Pahlawan ka? Every time people curse you la. Now even your own race cannot stand you, give up la Samy. Come join me la. We all retire. After all, we are not sure if we are going to win this time around. BN also not sure going to win or not.

Pak Lah: What are you talking about Kheng Yaik? Why you say like that? Lu jaga lu punya mulut ah Apek.

Keng Yaik:No la Pak Lah, If everyone wants to deny us 2/3 majority, then all of them would not vote us la. We may lose more than just 1/3 la. Haiya, that one also cannot see ah?

Pak Lah: Maybe the Chinese or Indians la Keng Yaik, not the Malays la. The Malays love UMNO.

Keng Yaik: Are you sure ah Pak Lah? Now even the Chinese and Indians are willing to vote PAS if it is the only opposition available to them, don’t you think that there would be Malays willing to vote DAP? Don’t be foolish la Pak Lah. Until now still cannot get Kelantan despite all the dirty tricks. Who are majority voters in Kelantan? Malays la, some more what.

Pak Lah: Betoi ka dia kata tu Najib?

Najib: Jangan dengar cakap orang tua penyembur tu la Pak lah. Orang Melayu takkan lupa UMNO punya. Orang Melayu rela mati untuk UMNO

Nazri: Ntah la, ada lojik jugak cakap Keng Yaik tu. Memang la orang Melayu rela mati untuk UMNO tapi rela ka dia mati untuk kita?

Pak Lah: Apa yang orang Melayu tak puaih hati lagi dengan kita? Kita bagi macam-macam kat depa, apa lagi dia mau?

Kah Ting: Lu mau tau ka? Dia olang tengok sumua itu UMNO punya olang besar manyak kaya. Bikin lumah banyak besar. Keleta 4, 5, sumua mahal-mahal punya. Dulu punya Melayu punya UMNO punya olang tak buat itu macam. Kalau dia kaya pun, dia tak tunjuk sama olang. Sekalang punya UMNO punya olang manyak sombong oh. Dia kaya, dia selalu tunjuk. Dia tak takot punya. Itu olang Melayu biasa tak suka la ini macam punya sombong punya olang.

Nazri: Apa, salah ka dia beli rumah besar dan kereta besar? Apa orang Cina saja ka buleh beli rumah besar. Pak Lah, letak Kah Ting kat Tanjong tengok. Jom kita tengok orang Cina suka kat dia ka tak?

Keng Yaik: Tak salah, tapi baru 2, 3 hari jadi menteri sudah kaya ka? Dia punya gaji berapa? Dulu jaga gate keretapi sekarang boleh bikin Istana, orang tak heran ka la Pak Lah? Your weakness ah, is that you think the Malays are stupid. They are not la Pak Lah. Many have opened their eyes la. Many are not ignorant anymore.

Pak Lah: Alah, kalau kalah pun, kalah sikit saja.

Keng Yaik: Sorry ha Pak Lah if I say something. You have been sleeping too much, you have lost touch with reality.

Pak Lah: I think ah Keng Yaik, you don’t resign la. This year you stand in Permatang Pauh, mau ka?

Samy: Pak Lah, saya macam mana?

Pak Lah: Meeting adjourn la, semua balik dulu. Saya mengantok ni. Nanti lain kali la.

UNTUK PENGETAHUAN SEMUA YANG BACA.

SEMUA NIE TAK TERMASUK PENDAPAT SAYA,SAYA CUMA COPY PASTE JER.

PERLUKAH VAKSIN DALAM KEHIDUPAN KELUARGA ANDA?.SILA BACA DENGAN KEFAHAMAN.(DO YOU REALLY NEED VACCINE IN YOUR FAMILY,PLEASE READ IT UNTIL YOU ARE FINISH THAN YOU WILL KNOW WHAT IM TALKING ABOUT).

APAKAH VAKSIN BAIK UNTUK ANDA DAN KELUARGA?

Vaccinations – Deception and Tragedy

“At the present time there are growing public and professional concerns about the safety of currently mandated childhood vaccine programs, as reflected in by a series of annual Congressional hearings in Washington DC that have taken place since 1999, sponsored by the U.S. House Government Reform Committee under the chairmanship of Congressman Dan Burton. At an annual conference of the American College for the Advancement of Medicine during April 2001, with several hundred physicians in attendance, when one of the speakers asked how many in attendance had concerns about the safety of current childhood vaccines, a large majority raised their hands. The Autism Research Institute of San Diego is now widely known as an active support group for families with autistic children and is one of the more active organizations in this field. Its founding director, Bernard Rimland, Ph.D., has provided the statistics that, in their experience, from 50 to 60% of parents with autistic children believe that their children were damaged by vaccines. In our own office we have seen many autistic children in recent years, and our own experience has been very similar, many parents reporting that deterioration of their children took place following vaccines.” Dr. Buttram more Childhood Immunization Vaccines – Autism – Mercury – MedicineThimerosal contains a related mercury compound called ethyl mercury. Mercury is a toxic metal that can cause immune, sensory, neurological, motor, and behavioral dysfunctions. The Food and Drug Administration suggested that some infants, depending on which vaccines they receive and the timing of those vaccines, may be exposed to levels of ethyl mercury that could build up to exceed one of the federal guidelines established for the intake of methyl mercury. Symptoms of mercury toxicity in young children are extremely similar to those of autism. This can explain the recent increase in the numbers of children diagnosed with autism since the early 1990’s. The numerous amount of children diagnosed with autism seems to directly correlate with the recommendation of both the hepatitis B and HIB vaccine to infants in the early 1990s. Autism is a neurological disorder that is characterized by impairments in language, cognitive and social development.” more

The hours, days and months following birth are undoubtedly the most critical phases in the life of human beings. Health and medical officials long ago decided that they knew best what should be done to children and many have made fortunes and careers out of this work. It is not by chance that infants are routinely disturbed physiologically and psychologically by medical interventions administered from the first moments of life. The incidence of childhood asthma, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases has doubled during the past 20 years; Attention Deficit Disorder has tripled, Autism has increased 600%. What part have vaccines played? Stanley Monteith, M.D.

---

The Film About Vaccines You Simply Must SeeThis film is produced and freely distributed by consumer protector and public health expert, Dr. Leonard Horowitz, and features the world’s leading vaccine expert, Dr. Maurice Hilleman, explaining why Merck’s vaccines have spread AIDS, leukemia, and other horrific plagues worldwide. Dr. Mercola – “It may seem inconceivable to some of you, but disease is Big Business. And, if you’re cynical – which seems to become easier with each passing day — it’s a way to achieve population control while making huge profits in the process.” more

These days, children can get as many as 21 vaccines before they start the first grade, and there are about 200 more vaccines in the pipeline.

” Why are there no studies on the long-term effects of vaccination? Why are there so few studies that have examined what happens in the body at a cellular/molecular level after vaccination? Why are we vaccinating children in a vacuum of scientific knowledge? Why are there no long-term studies to assess illness and deaths related to vaccination? These are the kind of fundamental questions that anyone involved in vaccine policy should be addressing, but that is hardly the case. People like Fisher are badly needed on TV and radio news programs and in newspaper stories to raise these questions again and again — until the academics wake up and do some real research. These days, children can get as many as 21 vaccines before they start first grade. There are about 200 more vaccines in the pipeline. Scenarios for the future even include consuming vaccines in nose sprays, ointments and fruits and vegetables. I call it vaccine mania. It has gone beyond what anyone can possibly defend on scientific grounds. Pumping more vaccines into the body without understanding such basics as how they’ll affect immune system function over time borders on the criminal.”

Vaccines can cause severe eczema as documented by these CDC photos

“Pumping more vaccines into the body without understanding such basics as how they’ll affect immunesystem function over time borders on the criminal.”Nicholas Regush

Vaccine Reaction Photos from the CDC Warning: these are horrific photos of severe vaccine reactions in babies, children, and adults. Photos from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 1 – 2 – 3
The Film About Vaccines You Simply Must SeeThis film is produced and freely distributed by consumer protector and public health expert, Dr. Leonard Horowitz, and features the world’s leading vaccine expert, Dr. Maurice Hilleman, explaining why Merck’s vaccines have spread AIDS, leukemia, and other horrific plagues worldwide. Dr. Mercola – “It may seem inconceivable to some of you, but disease is Big Business. And, if you’re cynical – which seems to become easier with each passing day — it’s a way to achieve population control while making huge profits in the process.” more

sila baca dan fahamkan,

MENYAMPAIKAN YANG BENAR ADALAH PEGANGAN SAYA.

ibrahim 4life

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0163581794/0163153132

JENIS BARAH.

BLADDER CANCER

 

Bladder cancer affects twice as many men as women in the UK. It is the fourth most common cancer in men and the tenth most common in women. Each year, there are over 10,600 new cases.

 Bladder cancer is most common in people over 50. It affects the inner lining of the bladder and develops slowly. As it grows, it may spread to other organs near the bladder

 

 

BONE CANCER

 

Cancers that start in the bone are rare. There are around 500 new cases in the UK each year. They are different from cancers that develop at other sites in the body and spread to the bones later on.

Bone cancer develops from cells in the bone. A rarer type can start in cartilage, the firm connective tissue that surrounds and cushions many joints. If the cancer is not treated, cancer cells from the original site may break away and spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, other bones, or other internal organs

 

 

 

BREAST CANCER

 

Breast cancer is the most common cancer for women in this country. Each year, there are over 41,000 new cases in the UK. This cancer accounts for almost one in three of all cancer cases in women, and the lifetime risk for breast cancer in women is one in nine.

The cancer develops in the milk-producing glands in the breast, or in the passages or ducts that deliver milk to the nipples. Some breast cancers may spread into the surrounding tissue, and can spread to other parts of the body.

 

 

BRAIN TUMORS

 

Brain tumours are not very common, and unlike many other cancers, does not usually spread to other parts of the body. It accounts for less than 2% of all new cancers diagnosed in the UK.

Each year, there are over 2,500 new cases of brain cancer in men, and over 1,900 cases in women. In the UK, about 300 children are diagnosed with a brain tumour each year.

The brain is a soft spongy mass of nerve cells and supporting tissue. It controls every physiological system in the body and is responsible for our thoughts, language and emotions.

In the brain, any abnormal growth puts pressure on sensitive structures and may impair their function.

 

 

 

 

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

 

Myeloma develops from cells within the bone marrow called plasma cells. Plasma cells produce proteins called antibodies, which help to fight infection. In myeloma, a single plasma cell develops faults and multiplies out of control. This makes the immune system much less effective at fighting infection.

Myeloma cells produce excessive amounts of a single type of antibody, which is known as paraprotein, or monoclonal spike.

Myeloma usually develops at a number of different sites within the body. This cancer is therefore called multiple myeloma. The most common sites for multiple myeloma are the pelvis, spine, rib cage, skull, shoulders and hips.

 

 

 

CERVICAL CANCER

 

Cervical cancer develops from cells lining the cervix, which is the canal that connects the uterus to the vagina. During childbirth, the baby passes through this canal.

Cervical cancer takes time to develop. There is usually a period when some of the cells lining the cervix develop abnormal changes but are not yet cancerous – these can give rise to cervical cancer later on. Doctors can pick up these changes through screening, and a simple treatment can prevent cancer developing. 

 

 

HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

 

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a fairly rare type of cancer, with just over 1,400 new cases in the UK every year. It is most common in people in their 20s and 30s.

This disease belongs to a group of cancers known as lymphomas. Lymphomas are cancers that develop from cells of the lymphatic system. This system helps to protect the body against infections.There are two main types of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is named after Thomas Hodgkin, the doctor who first described it. It makes up less than one in five cases of lymphoma. The cancer cells in Hodgkin’s lymphoma look different under a microscope from cells of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

In the majority of cases, Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be cured with modern treatments, particularly if the disease is in its early stages.

If the cancer is not treated, cancer cells may break away and spread to other parts of the lymphatic system. If the cancer cells get into the blood stream, they can spread to almost any organ in the body, including the liver, lungs, brain and spine. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MELANOMA

 

There are two main types of skin cancer, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer.

Melanoma (also known as malignant melanoma) is a cancer that develops from cells called melanocytes, which are found in the outer layer of our skin.

Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that helps protect the deeper layers of our skin from the harmful effects of the sun. This pigment appears as a suntan, which is a sign of damaged skin.Melanomas often start in moles, but they can also develop elsewhere on the skin. In rare cases, melanomas can occur in the eye, under the fingernails, or in other parts of the body not usually exposed to the sun.

 

 

 

KARPOSI’S SARCOMA

 

Although Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer it differs from other types of cancer in the way it develops. Unlike most cancers, which start in one place and may then spread around the body, KS can appear in several parts of the body at the same time. The most common site for KS is on the skin but it may also affect internal organs, particularly the lymph nodes, the lungs and parts of the digestive system.

KS has been shown to be associated with a virus called Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) and can affect people with a weakened immune system, including people with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS.

 

 

SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA’S

 

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, and only 1,300 or so people a year in the UK will develop a sarcoma. Sarcomas are cancers that develop from cells in the soft, supporting tissues of the body. They can occur in muscle, fat, blood vessels or in any of the other tissues that support, surround and protect the organs of the body. The soft tissues of the body are also known as the mesenchyma, and so sometimes sarcomas are called mesenchymal tumours. Some types of sarcoma occur in children, teenagers and young adults, but generally sarcomas are more likely to develop in people over the age of 30.

Some sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma, start in bone. These grow and develop differently and are treated differently from soft tissue sarcomas.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Neuroendocrine tumors

 

Neuroendocrine tumours are rare. They start in neuroendocrine cells – these are specialised nerve cells that produce hormones. Neuroendocrine cells are part of the endocrine system, which is a network of glands in the body. The glands produce hormones.

Hormones control many of the body’s functions by controlling the levels of particular chemicals and fluids in the body, and they help us respond to changes in our environment.

Neuroendocrine tumours occur most commonly in the digestive system but can occur in other parts of the body. They can be non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).

Some neuroendocrine tumors produce hormones which can cause particular symptoms, such as diarrhoea, flushing of the skin and wheezing. Tumors that produce hormones are called functioning (hormone-secreting). Tumors that don’t produce hormones are known as non-functioning (non-hormone secreting).

 

 

 

Mesothelioma

 

Mesothelioma (pronounced mee-so-thee-lee-oma) is a cancer of the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin membrane that lines the chest and abdomen and surrounds the organs in these areas. The lining around the lungs is called the pleura and in the abdomen it is known as the peritoneum.Mesotheliomas are uncommon cancers, although they are becoming more frequent. Currently, about 1800 people in the UK are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year.Mesothelioma of the lining of the lungs (pleural mesothelioma) is much more common than mesothelioma in the peritoneum. For every person with peritoneal mesothelioma there will be about 12 people who have pleural mesothelioma.

 

 

 

 

Cancers of the bile duct

 

Cancers of the bile duct are rare in the Western world. There are approximately 600 new cholangiocarcinomas diagnosed each year in the UK.

The bile ducts are the tubes connecting the liver and gall bladder to the small intestine (small bowel). Bile is a fluid made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Its main function is to break down fats during their digestion in the small intestine. In people who have had their gall bladder removed, bile flows directly into the small intestine. The bile ducts and gall bladder are known as the biliary system.

Cancer is classified according to the type of cell from which it starts. Cancer of the biliary system almost always starts in a type of tissue called glandular tissue and is then known as adenocarcinoma.

If the cancer starts in the part of the bile ducts contained within the liver it is known as intra-hepatic. If it starts in the area of the bile ducts outside the liver it is known as extra-hepatic. 

The nasopharynx is the area where the back of the nose turns to meet the upper section of the throat. The cancerous tumour usually originates at the curved part behind the nose or the post nasal space. As the tumour is situated close to critical structures of the brain, spinal cord and throat, nasopharyngeal cancer can cause many symptoms in its advanced stages.

 

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